Method for conducting site-specific modification on entire plant via gene transient expression

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses a method for site-directed modification of whole plant through gene transient expression. The method as provided for conducting site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a whole plant comprises the following steps: transiently expressing a sequence-specific nuclease in said plant, wherein a whole plant is used as the subject for transient expression, said sequence-specific nuclease targets and cleaves said target fragment, thereby the site-directed modification is achieved via the self DNA repairing of said plant. In the present invention, tissue culture is omitted by transient expression of the sequence-specific nuclease; mutation is obtained at whole plant level; the method is independent of the genotype and recipient, and thus can be applied to various varieties of various species; T1 mutants can be obtained directly and the mutation can be stable inherited; more importantly, the mutant plant as obtained is free of exogenous genes, and thus have higher bio-safety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 15/546,481, filed Jul. 26, 2017, which is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2016/072352, filed on Jan. 27, 2016, and claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201510040078.0, filed on Jan. 27, 2015, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in XML, format via Patent Center and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Aug. 18, 2022, is named 245761_000176_SL.xml, and is 62,080 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention belongs to the field of plant genetic engineering, and is related to method for site-directed modification of whole plant through gene transient expression.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Transgenesis refers to a process of transferring exogenous gene(s) into a specific organism via molecular biology means so that the biological characteristics or functions of the organism are partially changed. In 1983, the first transgenic plant in the world, transgenic antiviral tobacco was bred in USA. In 1986, transgenic antiviral cotton was developed in USA and subjected to field trials. In 1987, insect-resistant gene and herbicide-resistant gene were transferred into crops. In 1992, transgenic tobacco was grown in China. In 1995, Canada started commercializing transgenic herbicide-resistant Brassica. In 1996, transgenic insect-resistant cotton and herbicide-resistant soy bean were grown in large scale in USA. Currently, there are more than 120 transgenic plants in the world, in which 51 transgenic crops including soy bean, cotton and maize, have been commercialized.

Currently, more and more concerns about transgenic products are raised, especially for the safety of transgenic foods. The regulation to transgenic organisms is very strict in most countries. Lots of money and time will be cost to control a transgenic technique or product. According to the investigation of International Crop Life, it would require about 5.5 years and 35 million US dollars for commercialization of a transgenic event. In addition, those transgenic crops already commercialized are not well accepted by the market, for example, the first transgenic tomato allowed for sale eventually exits the market due to poor sales. Therefore, it is very important to develop transgene-free methods for crop improvement.

Currently, methods for genetically improvement of a crop or gene modification have many defects. For example, traditional cross breeding needs to be conducted for several generations, and thus is time-consuming and requires excessive work. It may also be limited by interspecies reproductive isolation and affected by undesirable gene linkage. Physical or chemical mutagenesis methods, such as radiation mutagenesis, EMS mutagenesis etc., can randomly introduce a large number of mutated sites in the genome, but the identifications of the mutated sites would be very difficult.

Genomic site-directed modification tools, which are novel techniques arisen in recent years, mainly include three categories of sequence specific nucleases (SSN): Zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated systems (CRISPR/Cas9). Their common feature is that they can act as an endonuclease to cleave specific DNA sequences, producing DNA double-strand break (DSB). The DSB can activate intrinsic repair mechanism of the cell, Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and Homologous recombination (HR), so as to repair the DNA damages. Site-directed modification to a specific DNA sequence can be achieved during the DNA repair process.

Using gene transfer techniques to deliver the above tools into crops can overcome the defects of traditional breeding, such as low efficiency, time-consuming, and poor specificity. However, this process involves transgenes and thus site-directed modified mutant free of transgene has to be obtained through segregation in the progeny population. Since exogenous genes have been integrated into the plant genome (although finally removed by segregation), safety concerns still exist. Therefore, there is still a need of a method for site-directed modification of crops which avoids transgenes.

Conventional gene transfer means, such as particle bombardment transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or protoplast-based transformation, requires the process of tissue culture. Plant tissue culture means that desired tissues, cells or protoplasts are isolated from the plant, and cultured under artificial conditions to regenerate a whole plant. Tissue culture tends to produce somatic mutations, and is limited by plant genotype and specific recipient. It requires a long time to obtain the regenerated plant and costs a lot of resources. In situ transformation means transformation of a living plant (not ex vivo), without the need of tissue or cell culture. In situ transformation generally uses a whole plant as the subject for transformation and includes, such as, pollen tube approach, inflorescence-dipping, shoot apex regeneration, ovary injection, leaf disc approach and the like. In situ transformation avoids tissue culture and thus is easy to perform and requires no specific equipments. This method is independent of the genotype and recipient and thus can be applied to different varieties of different species. In addition, transgenic offspring can be obtained directly. Therefore, site-directed modification to a plant genome can be achieved by transient expression system via in situ transformation, which has benefit for the application of gene editing techniques in plants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to provide a method for site-directed modification of a whole plant through gene transient expression.

The present invention provides a method for conducting site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a plant, which may comprises the following steps: transiently expressing a sequence-specific nuclease in the plant of interest, wherein the whole plant is used as the subject for transient expression, said sequence-specific nuclease targets and cleaves said target fragment, thereby the site-directed modification is achieved via the self DNA repairing of said plant. This method does not involve a tissue culture process.

In one embodiment of said method, the approach for transiently expressing said site-directed nuclease in said plant comprises the following steps:

-   -   a) delivering the sequence-specific nuclease or a genetic         material for expressing the sequence-specific nuclease into said         plant, and     -   b) growing the plant obtained in step a) in the absence of         selection pressure, thereby the sequence-specific nuclease or         the genetic material not integrated into the plant chromosome is         degraded.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, said genetic material is a recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or a DNA linear fragment or an in vitro transcribed RNA.

In the absence of selection pressure, the defending system of the plant will inhibit the entry of an exogenous gene and degrade the exogenous gene that has already been delivered into the plant. Therefore, when growing the whole plant which has undergone transient expression, the exogenous gene (including any fragment of the genetic material for expressing the nuclease specific to the target fragment) will not be integrated into the genome of the plant, and the plant finally obtained is a transgene-free plant with site-directed modification.

In one embodiment of the method of the invention, the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material is delivered via any part of plant which can be used for the delivery of the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material, such as a pollen tube, inflorescence, shoot apex, ovary, or leaf etc.

In one embodiment where said part of plant is a pollen tube, the delivery is performed by injecting a solution containing recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment or in vitro transcribed RNA or a solution containing said sequence-specific nuclease into the stigma after pollination, thereby the exogenous genetic material or the sequence-specific nuclease is delivered into the fertilized ovum via the pollen tube which is formed during flowering and fertilization (namely, the pollen tube approach).

In one embodiment where said part of plant is an inflorescence, the delivery is performed by dipping the inflorescence with a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment (namely, inflorescence-dipping or floral-dip approach).

In one embodiment where said part of plant is a shoot apex, the delivery is performed by dipping the shoot apex with a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment (namely, shoot apex regeneration approach).

In one embodiment where said part of plant is an ovary, the delivery is performed by injecting a solution containing recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment or in vitro transcribed RNA or a solution containing said sequence-specific nuclease into the ovary after pollination (namely, ovary injection approach).

In one embodiment where said part of plant is an ovary, the delivery is performed by injecting a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment into the ovary after pollination (namely, Agrobacterium ovary injection approach).

In one embodiment where said part of plant is a leaf, the delivery is performed by injecting a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying recombinant vector (such as a DNA plasmid) or DNA linear fragment into the leaf (namely, leaf disc approach).

In said method, the sequence-specific nuclease which is specific to the target fragment can be any nuclease that can achieve genome editing, such as Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), and Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALENs), and CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease etc.

In one embodiment of the invention, the “sequence-specific nuclease” specifically refers to CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases. In some embodiments, the genetic material for expressing the CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases specific to a target fragment is specifically composed of a recombinant vector or DNA fragment for transcribing a guide RNA (or two recombinant vectors or DNA fragments for transcribing crRNA and tracrRNA respectively) and for expressing Cas9 protein; or is specifically composed of a recombinant vector or DNA fragment for transcribing a guide RNA (or two recombinant vectors or DNA fragments for transcribing crRNA and tracrRNA respectively) and a recombinant vector or DNA fragment or RNA for expressing Cas9 protein; or is specifically composed of a guide RNA (or a crRNA and a tracrRNA) and a recombinant vector or DNA fragment or RNA for expressing Cas9 protein. Said guide RNA is an RNA with a palindromic structure which is formed by partial base-pairing between crRNA and tracrRNA; said crRNA contains an RNA fragment capable of complementarily binding to the target fragment.

Furthermore, in the recombinant vector or DNA fragment for transcribing the guide RNA, the promoter for initiating the transcription of the coding nucleotide sequence of said guide RNA is a U6 promoter or a U3 promoter.

More specifically, the recombinant vector for transcribing guide RNA and expressing Cas9 protein is a recombinant plasmid that is obtained by inserting the encoding sequence of the “RNA fragment capable of complementarily binding to the target fragment” in a forward direction between two BsaI restriction sites of plasmid pHSN40 or pHSN401.

The recombinant vector for transcribing the guide RNA is a recombinant plasmid that is obtained by inserting the encoding sequence of the “RNA fragment capable of complementarily binding to the target fragment” in a forward direction between two BbsI restriction sites of plasmid pZmU3-gRNA; the recombinant vector for expressing the Cas9 nuclease is specifically the vector pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9

In another embodiment of the invention, the “sequence-specific nuclease” is TALENs nucleases. The genetic material for expressing the sequence-specific nuclease specific to the target site may be a recombinant vector (DNA plasmid) or DNA fragment or RNA that expresses paired TALEN proteins, wherein the TALEN protein is composed of a DNA binding domain capable of recognizing and binding to the target fragment, and a Fok I domain.

In the case that the sequence-specific nuclease is Zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), the genetic material for expressing the sequence-specific nuclease which is specific to the target site may be a recombinant vector (DNA plasmid) or DNA fragment or RNA that expresses paired ZFN proteins, wherein the ZFN protein is composed of a DNA binding domain capable of recognizing and binding to the target fragment, and a Fok I domain.

In said method, the site-directed modification is specifically insertion, deletion, and/or replacement in the target fragment in the plant genome. In some embodiments, the target fragment is within the encoding region of a target gene. In some embodiments, the target fragment is within the transcription regulation region of a target gene, such as a promoter. In some embodiments, the target gene could be a structural gene or a non-structural gene. In some embodiments, said modification results in loss of function of the target gene. In some embodiments, said modification results in gain (or change) of function of the target gene.

In some embodiments, the plant can be of any genotype. The plant can be monocotyledon or dicotyledon, such as maize (Zea mays), wheat, soy bean, cotton, tobacco, Arabidopsis, rye, Rosa roxbunghii, Eriobotrya japonica, Carica papaya, Rosa canina, Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Brassica oleracea, Fagopyrum tataricum, or Hevea brasiliensis.

When the plant is maize, wheat, soy bean, cotton, tobacco and the like, the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material may be delivered by the pollen tube approach. When the plant is Arabidopsis, wheat, rye and the like, the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material may be delivered by the inflorescence-dipping approach. When the plant is maize, Rosa roxbunghii, Eriobotrya japonica, Carica papaya, Rosa canina and the like, the genetic material may be delivered by the shoot apex regeneration approach. When the plant is wheat, soy bean, cotton, Dendrobium nobile Lindl. and the like, the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material may be delivered by the ovary injection approach. When the plant is tobacco, Brassica oleracea, Fagopyrum tataricum, Hevea brasiliensis and the like, the genetic material may be delivered by the leaf disc approach.

In one embodiment (Example 1) of the invention, the plant is maize (in particular, maize hybrid HiII and inbred line B73, Zheng58 etc.); the nuclease is CRISPR/Cas9; the target gene is maize endogenous gene ZmIPK; the target fragment is 5′-AGCTCGACCACGCCGCCGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6); the recombinant vector for transcribing the guide RNA is a recombinant plasmid that is obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-AGCAGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) in a forward direction between two BbsI restriction sites of plasmid pZmU3-gRNA; the recombinant vector for expressing the Cas9 nuclease is specifically the vector pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9; the recombinant vector for transcribing guide RNA and expressing Cas9 protein is a recombinant plasmid that is obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-GGCGGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) in a forward direction between two BsaI restriction sites of plasmid pBUE411.

In another embodiment (Example 2) of the invention, the plant is Arabidopsis; the nuclease is CRISPR/Cas9; the target gene is Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA; the target fragment is 5′-ACGATATCCGCCGATTTCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9); the recombinant vector for transcribing guide RNA and expressing Cas9 protein is a recombinant plasmid that is obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-ATTGGTGAAATCGGCGGATATCGT -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) in a forward direction between two BsaI restriction sites of plasmid pHSN401.

A transgene-free mutant plant and/or an offspring thereof obtained by using the method of the invention to conduct site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a plant of interest so as to allow the target gene to lose its functions, also fall within the scope of the invention.

The present invention also provides a method for making a transgene-free mutant plant, comprising the following steps: performing site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a plant of interest using the method of the invention, so as to obtain a plant in which the functions of the target gene are lost and the genome is free of integrated exogenous gene.

As used herein, a transgenic plant refers to a plant with an exogenous gene integrated into the genome thereof. A transgene-free plant refers to a plant without an exogenous gene integrated into the genome thereof.

The present invention combines the genome editing technique and the transient expression system in which a whole plant is used as the subject for expression. That is to say, in the present invention, sequence-specific nuclease is introduced into the cells or tissues in a whole plant via pollen tube approach, inflorescence-dipping, shoot apex regeneration, ovary injection, leaf disc approach and the like; then modification of the plant genome is achieved by the transient expression of the sequence-specific nuclease. Mutant offspring with high safety can be obtained directly. For example, in the pollen tube approach, a solution containing the sequence-specific nuclease or DNA/RNA for expressing the sequence-specific nuclease is delivered into the fertilized egg cells or germ cells (sperm or ovum) through the pollen tube formed during flowering or fertilization of the plant. These cells are protoplast-like (no cell wall formation) and undertake active DNA replication and recombination, and thus will be efficiently edited by the sequence-specific nuclease. The modified fertilized egg cells or germ cells may develop into intact mutant plants. The introduced sequence-specific nuclease or RNA encoding the sequence-specific nuclease will be degraded by the plant cells. DNA encoding the sequence-specific nuclease will also be degraded by the plant cells as the method is performed completely in the absence of selection pressure. Therefore, no exogenous gene will be integrated in the genome and the mutants as obtained will have higher bio-safety.

The advantages of the present invention include: tissue culture is omitted; mutation is obtained at whole plant level; the method is independent of the genotype and recipient, and thus can be applied to various varieties of various species; T1 mutants can be directly obtained and the mutation can be stably inherited; more importantly, the mutant plant as obtained is free of exogenous genes, and thus has higher bio-safety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIGS. 1A-1B show the site-directed mutagenesis of maize endogenous gene ZmIPK by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system in protoplast. 1A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp respectively; lane 2 and lane 3 are SacI restriction digestion results for PCR products of protoplast DNA, wherein the protoplast were transformed with the gRNA:Cas9 system; lane 4 is SacI digestion result for PCR product of wild-type protoplast DNA; lane 5 is the PCR product of wild-type protoplast. 1B) is the sequencing results of some mutants.

FIGS. 2A-2B show the site-directed mutagenesis of maize endogenous gene ZmIPK by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system in maize variety HiII via the pollen tube approach, as well as the sequencing results. 2A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp respectively; lanes 2-12 are SacI restriction digestion results for PCR products of the mutants; lane 13 is SacI digestion result for PCR product of wild-type control. 2B) is the sequencing results of some mutants.

FIGS. 3A-3B show the site-directed mutagenesis of maize endogenous gene ZmIPK by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system in maize variety B73 via the pollen tube approach, as well as the sequencing results. 3A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp respectively; lanes 2-6 are SacI restriction digestion results for PCR products of the mutants; lane 7 is SacI digestion result for PCR product of wild-type control. 3B) is the sequencing results of some mutants.

FIGS. 4A-4B show the site-directed mutagenesis of maize endogenous gene ZmIPK by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system in maize variety Zheng58 via the pollen tube approach, as well as the sequencing results. 4A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp respectively; lanes 2-9 are SacI restriction digestion results for PCR products of the mutants; lane 10 is SacI digestion result for PCR product of wild-type control. 4B) is the sequencing results of some mutants.

FIGS. 5A-5B depict a gel electrophoretogram showing the amplification of ZmIPK gene mutants from different maize varieties via the pollen tube approach, using 2 primer sets on the pZmU3-gRNA-C1 and pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 vectors. 5A) is the amplification result using the primer pair ZmU3-F/C1R; 5B) is the amplification result using the primer pair Cas9-1F/Cas9-1R. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 respectively; lanes 2-10 are mutants as tested; lane 11 is the positive control (plasmid pZmU3-gRNA-C1 or pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9).

FIGS. 6A-6B shows the site-directed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system in protoplast. 6A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp, 2000, 3000, 5000 bp, respectively; lane 2 and lane 3 are EcoRV restriction digestion results for PCR products of protoplast DNA, wherein the protoplast were transformed with the gRNA:Cas9 system; lane 4 is EcoRV digestion result for PCR product of wild-type protoplast DNA; lane 5 is the PCR product of wild-type protoplast. 6B) is the sequencing results of the uncut bands.

FIGS. 7A-7B shows the site-directed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA by transient expression of gRNA:Cas9 system via the inflorescence-dipping approach. 7A) is a gel electrophoretogram. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 bp, 2000, 3000, 5000 bp, respectively; lanes 2-9 are EcoRV restriction digestion results for PCR products of the mutants; lane 10 is EcoRV digestion result for PCR product of wild-type control. 7B) is the sequencing results of some mutants.

FIGS. 8A-8B is a gel electrophoretogram showing the amplification of AtPTPA gene mutants using primers on the pHSN401-C2 vector. 8A) is the amplification result using the primer pair pHSN401-1F/C2R; 8B) is the amplification result using the primer pair CAS9-2F/CAS9-2R. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000 bp respectively; lanes 2-9 are mutants as tested; lane 10 is the positive control (plasmid pHSN401).

FIG. 9 shows the mutation in the progeny of the AtPTPA gene mutants. Lane 1 is a marker, from bottom to top: 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000 bp respectively; lanes 2, 3, 4, 5 are progeny of homozygous mutants; lanes 6-7 are wild type progeny obtained by segregation; lanes 8, 9, 10 are progeny of heterozygous mutants.

DETAILED EMBODIMENTS

The experimental methods used in the following Examples are all conventional methods, unless otherwise indicated.

The materials, reagents used in the following Examples are all commercially available, unless otherwise indicated.

Expression vector pZmU3-gRNA was disclosed in “Liang, Z. et al. Targeted mutagenesis in Zea mays using TALENs and the CRISPR/Cas System. Journal of Genetics and Genomics.41:63-68, (2014)”.

Expression vectors pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 was disclosed in “Wang, Y. et al. Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nature Biotechnology. 32, 947-951 (2014)”.

Expression vectors pHSN401 and pBUE411 were disclosed in “Xing, H. et al. A CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants. BMC Plant Biology.14:327, (2014)”.

Maize variety HiII was disclosed in “Armstrong, C. L., Green, C. E. & Phillips, R. L. Development and availability of germplasm with high type II culture formation response. Maize Genet. Coop. News Lett. 65,92-93 (1991)”.

Maize variety B73 was disclosed in “Russell, W. A. Registration of B70 and B73 parental lines of maize. Crop Sci. 12, 721 (1972)”.

Maize variety Zheng58 was disclosed in “Zhang Falin, Breeding and application of a Maize inbred line Zheng58. Crop Journal, 2001(4):31-31”.

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia was disclosed in “Koorneef, M. et al. Linkage map of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Heredity. 74,265-272 (1983)”.

MS medium: 4.43 g/L MS salts (Sigma, M5524), 30 g/L sucrose, 3 g/L phytogel, pH 5.7, autoclaved at 121° C. for 20 min.

LB medium: 10 g/L Tryptone, 5 g/L Yeast Extract, 10 g/L NaCl pH7.0 (for solid LB medium, 15 g agar was added per liter liquid medium), autoclaved at 121° C. for 20 min.

Solutions used in the preparation and transformation of protoplast are shown in Tables 1-6.

TABLE 1 50 ml enzymolysis solution for Arabidopsis The amount Final added Concentration Cellulase R10 0.75 g 1.5% Macerozyme R10 0.15 g 0.3% mannitol 3.6434 g 0.4M 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.2132 g 20 mM KCl 0.07456 g 20 mM made up to 50 ml with double distilled water, pH adjusted to 5.7 with KOH; incubated in 55° C. water bath for 10 min, and cooled at room temperature before adding CaCl₂ 0.0735 g 10 mM BSA 0.05 g 0.1% filtered with a 0.45 μm filter

TABLE 2 50 ml enzymolysis solution for Maize The amount Final added Concentration Cellulase R10 0.75 g 1.5% Macerozyme R10 0.15 g 0.3% mannitol 5.4651 g 0.6M 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.1066 g 10 mM made up to 50 ml with double distilled water, pH adjusted to 5.7 with KOH; incubated in 55° C. water bath for 10 min, and cooled at room temperature before adding CaCl₂ 0.00735 g  1 mM BSA 0.05 g 0.1% filtered with a 0.45 μm filter

TABLE 3 500 ml W5 The amount Final added Concentration NaCl 4.5 g 154 mM CaCl₂ 9.189 g 125 mM KCl 0.1864 g  5 mM 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.4264 g  4 mM made up to 500 ml with double distilled water, pH adjusted to 5.7 with NaOH

TABLE 4 250 ml WI solution The amount Final added Concentration mannitol 27.324 g 0.6M KCl 0.07456 g 4 mM 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.2135 g 4 mM (200 mM) made up to 250 ml with double distilled water, pH adjusted to 5.7 with KOH

TABLE 5 10 ml MMG solution The amount Final added Concentration mannitol (0.8M) 5 ml 0.4M MgCl₂ (1M) 0.15 ml 15 mM 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.2 ml  4 mM (200 mM) double distilled water Made up to 10 ml

TABLE 6 4 ml PEG solution The amount Final added Concentration PEG4000 1.6 g 40% mannitol (0.8M) 1 ml 0.2M CaCl₂ (1M) 0.4 ml 0.1M double distilled water Made up to 4 ml

% in above Tables 1-6 indicates weight-volume percentage, g/100 ml.

Transformation of Agrobaterium tumefaciens:

-   -   1) Competent cells (stored at −80° C.) were thawed on ice, then         2 μg plasmid DNA was added and mixed; the mixture was placed on         ice for 30 min;     -   2) the EP tube was submerged in liquid nitrogen for 1 min, and         transferred quickly to a 37° C. water bath for thawing (2 min);     -   3) then 1 ml LB liquid medium was added and incubated at 28° C.         for 4˜5h with shaking at a low speed (150 rpm);     -   4) bacteria cells were harvested by centrifuging at 10000 rpm         for 30 s, the supernatant was discarded, and 100 μl resuspended         bacteria cells were plated on the selection plates containing         corresponding antibiotics.     -   5) plates were incubated upside down at 28° C. until white         colonies (transformants) emerge.

EXAMPLE 1 Site-directed Editing of Maize Endogenous Gene ZmIPK via the Pollen Tube Approach and the Shoot Apex Regeneration Approach

I. Design of the Target Fragment: target-C1

  Target-C1: (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′-CCGAGCTCGACCACGCCGCCGAC-3′; (position 393-415 of the gene ZmIPK as shown in Genbank No. AY172635).

II. Preparation of pZmU3-gRNA Plasmid and pBUE411 Plasmid Containing C1 Site

C1 is the DNA sequence for the RNA that can complementarily bind to target-C1.

The following single-stranded oligonucleotides with sticky ends (underlined) were synthesized:

  C1-1F: (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′-AGCAGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′; C1-2F: (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′-GGCGGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′; C1R: (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-AAACAGCTCGACCACGCCGCCGAC-3′.

Double-stranded DNA with sticky ends was formed through annealing between C1-1F/C1R, and inserted between the two BbsI restriction sites in pZmU3-gRNA plasmid, resulting in a pZmU3-gRNA plasmid containing C1 site. The positive plasmid was verified by sequencing. A recombinant plasmid, which was obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-AGCAGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) in forward direction at the BbsI restriction site of pZmU3-gRNA plasmid, was positive, and designated as pZmU3-gRNA-C1.

Double-stranded DNA with sticky ends was formed through annealing between C1-2F/C1R, and inserted between the two BsaI restriction sites in pBUE411 plasmid, resulting in a pBUE411 plasmid containing C1 site. The positive plasmid was verified by sequencing. A recombinant plasmid, which was obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-GGCGGTCGGCGGCGTGGTCGAGCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) in forward direction at the BsaI restriction site of pBUE411 plasmid, was positive, and designated as pBUE411-C1.

III. Delivering the gRNA:Cas9 System Into Maize Protoplast

The pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 vector and the pZmU3-gRNA-C1 plasmid obtained in step II were introduced into the protoplast of maize protoplast. The specific process includes:

1. Growth of Maize Seedling

Seeds of maize hybrid variety HiII and inbred lines B73 and Zheng58 were soaked in water overnight, and transferred to a plate containing absorbent paper (water added), treated under light condition for 3 days for germination. The geminated maize seeds were grown in soil at 24° C. for 10-11 days, resulting in maize seedlings.

2. Isolation of Protoplast

1) Tender leaves of maize were taken, and the middle part thereof was cut into 0.5-1 mm threads using a cutter blade, placed into 50 ml enzymolysis solution for 5 h of digestion (0.5 h enzymolysis in vacuum, then 4.5 h slow shaking at 10 rpm).

Note: The temperature during enzymolysis should be kept between 20-25° C., the reaction should be carried out in the dark; and the solution should be gently shaken after the reaction so as to release the protoplasts.

2) the enzymolysis product was diluted by adding 30 ml of W5, and filtrated into a 50 ml round bottom centrifuge tube using a 75 μm Nylon filter membrane.

Note: The Nylon filter membrane should be submerged in 75% (volume percentage) ethanol, washed with water and then soaked in W5 for 2 min before use.

3) 23° C., 150 g centrifugation for 3 min, and the supernatant was discarded.

4) the pellet was suspended with 10 ml W5, centrifuged at 150 g for 3 min, and the supernatant was discarded.

5) the protoplasts were suspended by adding a proper amount of MMG solution, placed on ice until transformation.

Note: The concentration of the protoplasts needs to be determined by microscopy (×100). The amount of protoplasts was 2×10⁵/ml to 1×10⁶/ml.

3. Transformation of maize protoplast

-   -   1) 10 μg pJIT163-2NLSCas9 vector and 10 μg pZmU3-gRNA-C1 plasmid         were added into a 2 ml centrifuge tube. 200 μl of the protoplast         was added using a pipette and then mixed by gentle patting, kept         still for 3-5 min. Then 220 μl of PEG4000 solution was added and         mixed by gentle patting. Transformation was performed in dark         for 15 min;     -   2) 880 μl W5 (room temperature) was added and mixed by         reversing, 100 g centrifugation for 3 min, and the supernatant         was discarded;     -   3) 1 ml WI solution was added and mixed by reversing, the         content was gently transferred to a 6-well plate (with pre-added         1 ml WI solution), and then cultured at 23° C. overnight.

IV. Using PCR/RE Experiments to Analyze the Mutagenesis of Maize Endogenous Gene ZmIPK Using gRNA:Cas9 System

48 hours after the transformation of maize protoplast, genome DNA was extracted, which was used as template for PCR/RE (Polymerase Chain Reaction/Restriction digestion) experiment analysis. At the same time, the protoplasts of wild-type maize variety Hi II were used as a control. PCR/RE analysis method is based on Shan, Q. et al. Rapid and efficient gene modification in rice and Brachypodium using TALENs. Molecular Plant (2013). Since the target fragment (positions 393-415 of Genbank No. AY172635) of maize endogenous gene ZmIPK (Genbank No. AY172635) contains the recognition sequence (5′-GAGCTC-3′) of restriction endonuclease SacI, and thus the restriction endonuclease SacI was used in the experiment for conducting the PCR/RE test. Primers used in the PCR amplification were:

  ZmIPK-1F: (SEQ ID NO: 13) 5′-TCGCAGCCCCTGGCAGAGCAA-3′; ZmIPK-1R: (SEQ ID NO: 14) 5′-GAGACCTGGGAGAAGGAGACGGATCC-3′

The results of PCR/RE experiments can be seen in FIG. 1 , and the results showed that: mutations occurred at the target site of ZmIPK gene, the uncut bands was recovered and sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that insertion/deletion (indel) occurred at the target site of ZmIPK gene.

V. Site-directed Editing of Maize Endogenous Gene ZmIpk via the Pollen Tube Approach

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a class of short peptides which can carry macromolecules (including protein and nucleic acid) into the cells. Recent study shows that cell-penetrating peptides, when binding to DNA, can protect the DNA against enzymatic degradation. Therefore, cell-penetrating peptides are commonly used in the pollen tube approach so as to improve the efficiency.

-   -   1) Preparation of the DNA solution containing CPPs: solid powder         CPPs (amino acid sequence: RKKRRQRRRRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 15),         synthesized by Shanghai Bio-engineering Co., Ltd.) were         formulated into a 30 mg/ml stock solution with sterile water.         CPPs were added into a mixture of pZmU3-gRNA-C1 plasmid and         pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 plasmid (the weight ratio of pZmU3-gRNA-C1 and         pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 in the mixture is 1:1) at a weight ratio of         1:1, such that the final concentrations of DNA and CPPs are         25-30 μg/ml (the final concentration of sum of the two plasmid         is 25-30 μg/ml, the final concentration of CPPs is 25-30 μg/ml).     -   2) Strong maize plants (HiII, B73 and Zheng 58) in the field         were selected as the recipient materials. After flowering, the         stigmas of these plants were bagged to avoid cross or         self-fertilization. The hand-pollinate was conducted at the         right time. 18-21 hr post pollination, bags were removed, and         filaments and bracts were cut, with a length of 2-3 cm from the         top of the cob retained. The cut section of filaments is         slightly lower than that of bracts, forming a small groove         between filaments and bracts, in which 300-400 ul DNA solution         from step 1) was dripped quickly with pipette. The filaments         were immersed by DNA solution and the stigmas were bagged again.         Each experiment was carried out in 40-50 corn cobs. After the         grains mature, the corn cobs were harvested and dry         individually.     -   3) The dried seeds were grown, and ZmIPK gene mutants were         detected with the PCR/RE method (specific steps and the primers         as used can be seen in IV) after germination.

Mutants were obtained via the pollen tube approach for maize plants of different genotypes. Detection results of some mutants are shown in FIGS. 2-4 , indicating mutations occurred within the target site of ZmIPK gene in various maize varieties. Uncut bands were recovered and sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that insertion/deletion (indel) occurred at the target site of ZmIPK gene. It can be seen that mutants can be obtained at the whole plant level via the pollen tube approach as provided in the present invention, which is independent of the genotype or recipient.

VI. Site-directed Editing of Maize Endogenous Gene ZmIPK via the Shoot Apex Regeneration Approach

1. Preparation of the Maize Materials

-   -   1) Seeds of maize inbred line HiII were placed into a triangular         flask, sterilized with 70% (v/v) alcohol for 5 min and 5% (v/v)         sodium hypochlorite for 30 min, then washed in sterile water for         5 times. 1.5 volume of water was added and the flask was sealed         and incubated at 28° C. for 4-6 h.     -   2) Second sterilization. The seeds were sterilized with 5% (v/v)         sodium hypochlorite for 30 min, and then washed in sterile water         for 5 times.     -   3) The sterilized seeds were placed on a sterilized plate with         filter paper, incubated at 28° C. in dark for 3-4 days for         germination. Germinated seeds with synchronous growth were         transferred onto MS medium and cultured at 28° C. in dark for         3-4 days until the seedlings reached 4-5 cm.

2. Regeneration of Maize Shoot Apex

-   -   1) Cutting the buds: the stem was cut transversely at 1.5-2 mm         above the joints, exposing the bud inside the stem. Then the bud         was cut in the middle longitudinally to 0.2 mm below the joints         (or just through the joints). About 0.8mm root was retained.     -   2) pBUE411-C1 plasmid containing Cl was transformed into         Agrobacterium competent cell AGL1. After verification by PCR and         restriction digestion, a positive strain was used for infecting         the plants.     -   3) Positive strain was plated onto LB solid medium, cultured at         28° C. in dark for 2 days. A few bacteria were scraped into 20         ml MS liquid medium, cultured at 28° C. to about OD₆₀₀=0.8. Then         200 μM Acetosyringone was added.     -   4) The incised plants were placed in to a plate, with the         incisions downward. The plate was placed slantingly (30-45° C.)         into a Vacuum device; Agrobacterium solution was added to         submerge the incisions so as to allow an infection of 20 min.         During infection, evacuation was set for 10 min, with a pressure         of 0.05 MP.     -   5) After infection, the plants were taken out from the         Agrobacterium solution (excess Agrobacterium solution on the         plants was removed using filter paper) and inserted into MS         medium, cultured at 23° C. in the dark for 3 days.     -   6) After the co-culture, the materials were taken out and washed         to remove the medium, and then grown into a pot (⅘ common soil,         ⅕ vermiculite on top). After transplant, seedlings were cultured         at 28° C. in dark for 2 days and then 7-10 days in light, and         then grown under normal conditions until fructification. Maize         seeds as obtained were grown and tested for the ZmIPK gene         mutation via the PCR/RE method after germination.

The results indicate that mutations occurred in the target site of ZmIPK gene. Uncut bands were recovered for sequencing. The sequencing results indicate that insertion/deletion (indel) occurred in the ZmIPK gene.

VII. Determining whether pZmU3-gRNA-C1 and pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 are present in the maize mutants obtained via the pollen tube approach

Two primer sets were designed according to the sequences of pZmU3-gRNA-C1 plasmid and pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 plasmid, for amplifying the two plasmids respectively.

ZmU3-F/C1R located between ZmU3 and the target fragment:

  ZmU3-F: (SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-CTGCCAAGATCAACAGCAACCA-3′; C1R: (SEQ ID NO. 12) 5′-AAACAGCTCGACCACGCCGCCGAC-3′.

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 322 bp, and the sequence should be positions 467-788 of SEQ ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:1 is the sequence of pZmU3-gRNA-C1.

Cas9-1F/Cas9-1R located on the pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9 vector:

  Cas9-1F: (SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′-CTTCCCAAGCATTCCCTCCTGT-3′; Cas9-1R: (SEQ ID NO: 18) 5′-CTTATGCCGTCCCATGACCTTC-3′

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 744 bp, and the sequence should be positions 1573-2316 of SEQ ID NO:2. SEQ ID NO:2 is the sequence of Cas9 in pJIT163-Ubi-Cas9.

No target bands were amplified for all the plants (FIG. 5 ), indicating that the present invention prevents the insertion or carrying of a transgene when performing site-directed modification to a plant, and the mutant as obtained have relatively high bio-safety.

VIII. Determining whether pBUE411-C1 is present in the maize mutants obtained via the shoot apex regeneration approach

Two primer sets were designed according to the sequence of pBUE411-C1 plasmid, for amplifying OsU3p and Cas9 respectively.

pBUE411-1F/C1R locate between OsU3p and the target fragment:

pBUE411-1F: (SEQ ID NO: 19) 5′-GACAGGCGTCTTCTACTGGTGCTAC-3′; C1R: (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-AAACAGCTCGACCACGCCGCCGAC-3′.

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 289 bp, and the sequence should be positions174-462 of SEQ ID NO:3. SEQ ID NO:3 is the gRNA sequence of pBUE411-C1.

CAS9-2F/CAS9-2R locate in Cas9 region on the pBUE411-C1 vector:

  CAS9-2F: (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-CTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTGT-3′; CAS9-2R: (SEQ ID NO: 21) 5′-TTCTGCGTGGTCTGATTCTCCC-3′.

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 794 bp, and the sequence should be positions 1639-2432 of SEQ ID NO:4. SEQ ID NO:4 is the Cas9 sequence of pHSN411-C1.

No target bands were amplified for all the plants, indicating that the present invention prevents the insertion or carrying of a transgene when performing site-directed modification to a plant, and the mutant as obtained have relatively high bio-safety.

EXAMPLE 2 Site-directed Editing of Arabidopsis endogenous Gene AtPTPA via the Inflorescence-dipping Approach

I. Design of the Target Fragment: target-C2

Target-C2: (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5′-CCGACGATATCCGCCGATTTCAC-3′; (position 351-373 of the gene AtPTPA as shown in Genbank No. AF360133).

II. Preparation of pHSN401 Plasmid Containing C2 Fragment

C2 is the DNA sequence for the RNA that can complementarily bind to target-C2.

The following single-stranded oligonucleotides with sticky ends (underlined) were synthesized:

  C2F: (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′-ATTGGTGAAATCGGCGGATATCGT-3′; C2R: (SEQ ID NO: 23) 5′-AAACACGATATCCGCCGATTTCAC-3′.

Double-stranded DNA with sticky ends was formed through oligonucleotide annealing, and inserted between the two BsaI restriction sites in pHSN401 plasmid, resulting in a pHSN401 plasmid containing C2 site. The positive plasmid was verified by sequencing. A recombinant plasmid, which was obtained by inserting the DNA fragment as shown in 5′-ATTGGTGAAATCGGCGGATATCGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) in forward direction at the BsaI restriction site of pHSN401 plasmid, was positive, and designated as pHSN401-C2.

III. Delivering the gRNA:Cas9 System Into Arabidopsis Protoplast

The pHSN401-C2 plasmid obtained in step II was introduced into the protoplasts of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia. The specific process includes:

1. Growth of Arabidopsis seedling

-   -   1) Seed treatment: Seeds of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia were         placed into a 1.5 mL tube and soaked in 75% (v/v) alcohol for 1         min and 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 15 min, then washed in         sterile water for 5-6 times.     -   2) The sterilized seeds were plated individually onto MS medium         with a micropipette. The plates were sealed and placed under 4°         C., 3-4 days for vernalization.     -   3) After vernalization, the plates were transferred into an         incubator, cultured under the following conditions: 25±2° C.,         illuminance 5500±300Lx, 12 h light/d. After 3 week growth,         seedlings were transplanted.     -   4) The seedlings were transplanted into soil (peat soil:         vermiculite: pearlite=1:1:1) carefully, covered by a film for         3-4 days, and then cultured under 21° C., 6300±300Lx.

2. Isolation of Protoplast

-   -   1) Tender leaves of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (grown for         about 1 month) were taken, and cut into 0.5 mm threads using a         cutter blade, placed into 50 ml enzymolysis solution for 5 h of         digestion (0.5 h enzymolysis in vacuum, then 4.5 h slow shaking         at 10 rpm).

Note: The temperature during enzymolysis should be kept between 20-25° C., the reaction should be carried out in the dark; and the solution should be gently shaken after the reaction so as to release the protoplasts.

-   -   2) the enzymolysis product was diluted by adding 30 ml of W5,         and filtrated into a 50 ml round bottom centrifuge tube using a         75 μm Nylon filter membrane.     -   Note: The Nylon filter membrane should be submerged in 75%         (volume percentage) ethanol, washed with water and then soaked         in W5 for 2 min before use.     -   3) 23° C., 60 g centrifugation for 5 min, and the supernatant         was discarded.     -   4) the pellet was resuspended with 10 ml W5 by gently shaking;         60 g centrifugation for 5 min, and the supernatant was         discarded.     -   5) the protoplasts were suspended by adding a proper amount of         MMG solution, placed on ice until transformation.     -   Note: The concentration of the protoplasts needs to be         determined by microscopy (×100). The amount of protoplasts was         2×10⁵/ml to 1×10⁶/ml.

3. Transformation of Arabidopsis Protoplast

-   -   1) 20 μg pHSN401-C2 plasmid was added into a 2 ml centrifuge         tube. 200 μl of the protoplast obtained in above step 2 was         added using a pipette and then mixed by gentle patting. Then 250         μl of PEG4000 was added and mixed by gentle patting.         Transformation was performed in dark for 15-30 min;     -   2) 880 μl W5 (room temperature) was added and mixed by         reversing, 60 g centrifugation for 5 min, and the supernatant         was discarded;     -   3) 1 ml W5 was added and mixed by reversing, the content was         gently transferred to a 6-well plate (with pre-added 1 ml W5),         and then cultured at 23° C. overnight.

IV. Using PCR/RE experiments to analyze the site-directed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA using gRNA:Cas9 system

48 hours after the transformation of Arabidopsis protoplast, genomic DNA was extracted, which was used as template for PCR/RE (Polymerase Chain Reaction/Restriction digestion) experiment analysis. PCR/RE analysis method is based on Shan, Q. et al. Rapid and efficient gene modification in rice and Brachypodium using TALENs. Molecular Plant (2013). Since the target fragment (positions 351-373 of Genbank No. AF360133) of Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA (Genbank No. AF360133) contains the recognition sequence (5′-GATATC-3′) of restriction endonuclease EcoRV, and thus the restriction endonuclease EcoRV was used in the experiment for conducting the PCR/RE test. Primers used in the PCR amplification were:

  PTPA-F: (SEQ ID NO: 24) 5′-GATGCTCCAGCCACCATATC-3′; PTPA-R: (SEQ ID NO: 25) 5′-CAGTTCGGTACACCACTTATATCA-3′

The results of PCR/RE experiments can be seen in FIG. 6 , and the results showed that: mutations occurred at the target site of AtPTPA gene, the uncut bands in FIG. 6 were recovered and sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that insertion/deletion (indel) occurred at the target site of AtPTPA gene.

V. Site-directed editing of Arabidopsis endogenous gene AtPTPA via the inflorescence-dipping approach

-   -   1) Preparation of the Arabidopsis materials

The buds of Arabidopsis were removed at the first flowering to facilitate branching. Siliques were cut off before transformation by inflorescence-dipping.

-   -   2) pHSN401-C2 plasmid containing C2 was transformed into         Agrobacterium competent cell GV3101. After verification by PCR         and restriction digestion, positive strain was used for         infecting the plants.     -   3) Positive Agrobacterium strain was cultured in a 2 ml tube for         8-10 hr, and then transferred to 200 ml LB medium (inoculated at         a ratio of 1:100), cultured overnight to an OD₆₀₀ of about         0.8˜1.0. Agrobacterium cells were collected by centrifuging for         15 min, and resuspended in infection buffer (2.16 g/L MgCl₂·6         H₂O, 5% sucrose, 0.02% silwet L-77) for infecting the plants.     -   4) The inflorescences of Arabidopsis were dipped into 100 ml         infection buffer contained in a big plate for 2 min, continually         rotating the plants. After infection, excess Agrobacterium         solution on the plants was removed using filter paper. The         plants were covered by a black plastic bag or film for 24 hr         cultivation in dark. As the flowering period of Arabidopsis is         relatively long, it generally requires 2-3 infections.     -   5) Plants were grown under normal conditions. T1 seeds were         harvested and grown. After germination, AtPTPA gene was tested         using PCR/RE (specific steps and the primers as used can be seen         in IV). In the 500 plants as obtained, 20 are mutants of AtPTPA         gene. Wild type Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia was set as a         control.

The results were shown in FIG. 7 , and the results indicated that mutations occurred at the target site of AtPTPA gene, the uncut bands in FIG. 7 were recovered and sequenced, and the sequencing results showed that insertion/deletion (indel) occurred at the target site of AtPTPA gene.

-   -   6) PCR applications were performed against the 20 mutants as         obtained in 5) to determine whether pHSN401-C2 is present in the         mutants. 2 primer sets were designed for the amplification         (target to U6-26p and Cas9, respectively).

pHSN401-1F/C2R locate between U6-26p and the target fragment:

  pHSN401-lF: (SEQ ID NO: 26) 5′-TGTCCCAGGATTAGAATGATTAGGC-3′; C2R: (SEQ ID NO: 27) 5′-AAACACGATATCCGCCGATTTCAC-3′.

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 286 bp, and the sequence should be positions 170-455 of SEQ ID NO:5. SEQ ID NO:5 is the partial sequence of gDNA in pHSN401-C2.

CAS9-2F/CAS9-2R locate in Cas9 region of pHSN401-C2 vector:

  CAS9-2F: (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-CTCCCTAAGCACTCGCTCCTGT-3′; CAS9-2R: (SEQ ID NO: 21) 5′-TTCTGCGTGGTCTGATTCTCCC-3′

Theoretically, the amplified fragment should be about 794 bp, and the sequence should be positions 1639-2432 of SEQ ID NO:4. SEQ ID NO:4 is the Cas9 sequence in pHSN401-C2.

The gel electrophoretogram of the amplification of Arabidopsis AtPTPA gene mutant using primers pHSN401-1F/C2R on pHSN401-C2 is shown in FIG. 8 a . The gel electrophoretogram of the amplification of Arabidopsis AtPTPA gene mutant using primers CAS9-2F/CAS9-2R on pHSN401-C2 is shown in FIG. 8 b . It can be seen that, no target bands were amplified in the Arabidopsis AtPTPA gene mutants as obtained in 5), indicating there is no fragment of the gDNA:Cas9 system present in the mutants.

7) 9 plants were randomly selected from the progeny of the 20 mutants obtained in 5) for PCR/RE analysis and the results were shown in FIG. 9 . It can be seen that the Arabidopsis AtPTPA gene mutation as obtained can be stably transmitted to the progeny. Therefore, the present invention prevents the insertion or carrying of a transgene when performing site-directed modification to a plant, which avoids the public concerns about the safety of transgenic product, and also avoids the tissue culture process. 

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method for conducting site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a whole plant, comprising: transiently expressing a sequence-specific nuclease in said plant, wherein a whole plant is used as the subject for transient expression, said sequence-specific nuclease targets and cleaves said target fragment, whereby the site-directed modification is achieved via the self DNA repairing of said plant, wherein the method for transiently expressing said site-directed nuclease in said plant comprises the following steps: a) delivering the sequence-specific nuclease or a genetic material for expressing the sequence-specific nuclease into a leaf of said plant, and b) growing the plant obtained in step a) in the absence of selection pressure, whereby the sequence-specific nuclease or the genetic material not integrated into the plant chromosome is degraded, wherein step b) does not comprise tissue culture, wherein said genetic material is a recombinant vector or a DNA linear fragment or an in vitro transcribed RNA; wherein when said part of plant is a leaf, the delivery is performed by injecting a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying said recombinant vector or DNA linear fragment into the leaf.
 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the delivery is performed by injecting a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying said recombinant vector or DNA linear fragment into the leaf.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said sequence-specific nuclease is a CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease, a TALENs nuclease, a Zinc finger nuclease, or any nuclease that can achieve genome editing, wherein when the sequence-specific nuclease is a CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease, the genetic material is composed of a recombinant vector or DNA fragment capable of transcribing guide RNA and expressing Cas9 protein; a recombinant vector or DNA fragment capable of transcribing guide RNA and a recombinant vector or DNA fragment or RNA capable of expressing Cas9 protein; or a guide RNA and a recombinant vector or DNA fragment or RNA capable of expressing Cas9 protein, wherein the guide RNA is an RNA with a palindromic structure which is formed by partial base-pairing between crRNA and tracrRNA and the crRNA contains an RNA fragment that can complementarily bind to the target fragment; wherein when the sequence-specific nuclease is a TALENs nuclease, the genetic material is a recombinant vector or DNA fragment or RNA capable of expressing paired TALEN proteins; wherein the TALEN protein is composed of a DNA binding domain capable of recognizing and binding to the target site, and a Fok I domain; wherein when the sequence-specific nuclease is a Zinc finger nuclease, the genetic material is a recombinant vector DNA fragment or RNA capable of expressing paired ZFN proteins; and wherein the ZFN protein is composed of a DNA binding domain capable of recognizing and binding to the target site, and a Fok I domain.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the site-directed modification is an insertion, deletion, and/or replacement mutation in the target fragment.
 21. A method for making a transgene-free mutant plant comprising performing site-directed modification to a target fragment of a target gene in a plant of interest according to the method of claim 17 so as to obtain a plant in which a function of the target gene is lost and the genome of the plant is free of integrated exogenous genes.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein said plant is a plant of any genotype.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of tobacco, Brassica oleracea, Fagopyrum tataricum, or Hevea brasiliensis. 